38 INTEGRATED ANNUAL REPORT 2023 There is increasing pressure on key organisations such as NCT to reduce carbon emissions. Reducing carbon emission is a significantly difficult undertaking in an era of rail service decline and route restrictions on specialised road vehicles. Key logistics decisions regarding the choice of mode, improved technology, and choice of markets, led to NCT achieving a carbon saving of 27 427kg. Increasing focus on the need to reduce carbon emissions Measuring emissions Carbon Footprint Mode/Market Tonnes Average kms Carbon Factor Total Emissions Carbon Factor Savings Comments (g) (kg) (kg) Road 360 395 490 62 10 949 Rail 624 424 600 22 8 242 All Road 984 819 545 62 33 277 22 328 Savings using rail as an alternative mode PBS 114 090 490 50 2 795 20% less fuel and improved technology PBS To Standard Road 474 485 490 62 14 415 3 466 Savings using PBS vehicles SAPPI /NCT SWOP 119 669 220 62 1 632 1 632 Logistics savings Total Savings 27 427 To calculate the carbon emissions, the activity-based approach will be followed shown below as: CO2 = tonnes transported x average distance travelled x CO2 emissions factor per tonne – km / 1 000 000 Source: (McKinnon et al., 2015)
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